Instantaneous discs were cut on a recording lathe, often quite simplified, and could be played back immediately without the need for any processing. A variety of surfaces were used which had to be soft enough to be cut or embossed, hard enough to withstand a reasonable number of careful playings without breaking down. A variety of playing speeds, disc diameters and groove widths were used as the technology evolved. Radio programs were documented in this way as were baby's first words.

Here are the basic surfaces:

Only during the LP era were stylus pressures light enough to be expressed in grams rather than ounces. Groove damage from heavy tone arms, repeated playings and worn or improper needles is not unusual. I select the stylus most appropriate to the groove's present condition from an assortment of over 30 sizes and shapes.

This site ©2001 Steven Smolian rev 1